This paper discusses approaches to validating XML documents for compliance to constraints. Our particular focus is on structural and content constraints that go beyond what is readily expressible in XML Schema technologies. We provide examples and solutions drawn from our specific experience building an XML-native constraint validator based on a mathematical language called Structural Notation (SN). SN is used to express operational constraints as machine-processible Rules against a particular category of hierarchically structured, text-oriented military messages, called Message Text Formats (MTFs), which have been migrated to a corresponding XML-based representation.

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